Kodi Network Circuit ndi chiyani? Zomwe Zingwe Zolumikizirana Zikufunika?

M'dziko lamakono lolumikizana, kusamutsa zidziwitso mopanda msoko ndiye msana wa kulumikizana kwamakono. Kaya ndi foni yosavuta, msonkhano wamakanema, kapena kulowa pa intaneti, ntchito zonsezi zimadalira zipangizo zomwe zimadziwika kuti dera loyankhulana. Kumvetsetsa kuti dera lolumikizana ndi chiyani, pamodzi ndi mitundu ya zingwe zofunika kukhazikitsa maderawa, ndikofunikira kwa akatswiri pantchito zamaneti, matelefoni, ndi IT. Nkhani iyi VERI Cable imafufuza lingaliro la dera lolumikizana, zigawo zake, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zingwe zomwe zili zofunika kuti pakhale njira yolumikizirana yodalirika.

Kodi Network Circuit ndi chiyani?

Dera lolumikizirana limatanthawuza njira yathunthu kapena njira yomwe data imadutsamo, mawu, kapena makanema amakanema amatumizidwa kuchokera kugwero kupita komwe akupita. Njirayi ikuphatikiza osati njira yokhayo yomwe deta imayendera (monga zingwe kapena kutumiza opanda zingwe) komanso zofunikira zamagetsi ndi ma protocol omwe amatsimikizira kuti deta imafalitsidwa bwino komanso molondola.

Zigawo za Communication Circuit

Dera lolumikizirana lili ndi zigawo zingapo zofunika, aliyense ali ndi gawo lofunikira pakufalitsa. Zigawo zikuluzikulu zikuphatikizapo:

1. Wotumiza: Chipangizo kapena makina omwe amapanga ndi kutumiza chizindikiro. Imatembenuza zidziwitsozo kukhala mawonekedwe oyenera kutumizidwa pagawo lolumikizana.
2. Transmission Medium: Njira yakuthupi yomwe chizindikirocho chimayenda. Izi zingaphatikizepo zingwe (monga fiber optics, coaxial, kapena zingwe zopotoka) kapena opanda zingwe media (ngati mafunde a wailesi).
3. Wolandira: Chipangizo kapena dongosolo lomwe limalandira chizindikiro chotumizira. Imasinthiratu chizindikirocho kukhala mawonekedwe ake oyamba, kulola wogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto kuti apeze zambiri zomwe zimaperekedwa.
4. Ma switch ndi ma routers: Izi ndi zida zomwe zimawongolera kayendedwe ka data mkati mwa netiweki. Masiwichi amawongolera kayendedwe ka data mkati mwa netiweki yapafupi, pomwe ma routers amalumikiza maukonde osiyanasiyana, kuonetsetsa kuti deta ikufika kumene ikupita.
5. Ma modemu: A modemu (modulator-demodulator) amasintha data ya digito kuchokera pakompyuta kapena netiweki kukhala ma siginecha a analogi omwe amatha kutumizidwa kudzera pamizere yamafoni ndi mosemphanitsa.. Izi ndizofunikira pakulankhulana kwakutali pamaneti am'manja achikhalidwe.
6. Ndondomeko: Ma protocol olumikizirana ndi malamulo ndi njira zosinthira ma data pamagawo onse olumikizirana. Amatanthauzira momwe deta imapangidwira, opatsirana, ndipo analandira. Ma protocol wamba akuphatikizapo TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), ndi FTP (Fayilo Transfer Protocol).

Mitundu Yamagawo Olumikizana

Magawo olumikizirana amatha kugawidwa motengera njira zosiyanasiyana, monga momwe deta imayendera, sing'anga yogwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi mtunda umene deta imafalitsidwa. Pansipa pali mitundu yodziwika bwino:

1. Dera Losavuta: Mu njira yosavuta yolumikizirana, deta imayenda mbali imodzi yokha. Chitsanzo ndi kuwulutsa pawailesi yakanema komwe chizindikirocho chimaperekedwa kuchokera ku wayilesi kupita kwa owonera, koma palibe njira yobwerera kuti owonerera atumize zizindikiro kubwerera ku siteshoni.
2. Half-Duplex Circuit: Mtundu uwu wa dera umalola deta kuyenda mbali zonse ziwiri, koma osati nthawi imodzi. Walkie-talkies ndi chitsanzo cha kulankhulana kwa theka la duplex, pamene wina akulankhula pamene wina akumvetsera, kenako amasinthana maudindo.
3. Full-Duplex Circuit: Dera lathunthu laduplex limalola kuti deta iyende mbali zonse ziwiri nthawi imodzi. Izi ndizofala m'machitidwe amafoni pomwe onse awiri amatha kulankhula ndikumvetsera nthawi imodzi.

1. Analogi ndi Digital Circuits: Mabwalo olumikizirana amathanso kugawidwa kutengera mtundu wa ma siginecha omwe amanyamula. Mabwalo a analogi amatumiza zizindikiro mosalekeza, monga ma foni achikhalidwe, pamene mabwalo a digito amanyamula zizindikiro zosiyana, monga omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamanetiweki apakompyuta.
2. Local Area Network (LAN) ndi Wide Area Network (WAN) Madera: Zozungulira za LAN amagwiritsidwa ntchito polankhulana m'dera laling'ono, monga nyumba kapena kampasi. Zithunzi za WAN, mbali inayi, kumadera okulirapo ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizirana mtunda wautali, kulumikiza ma LAN osiyanasiyana m'mizinda, mayiko, kapena ngakhale makontinenti.

Zingwe Zofunika Pamaulendo Olankhulana

Kusankha zingwe mumayendedwe olumikizirana ndikofunikira chifukwa kumatsimikizira liwiro, kudalirika, ndi khalidwe la kufala kwa deta. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zingwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito potengera zofunikira pa intaneti, monga bandwidth, mtunda, ndi mtundu wa deta yomwe ikufalitsidwa. M'munsimu muli zingwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamabwalo olumikizirana:

1. Zingwe Zopotoka

Zingwe ziwiri zopotoka ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazingwe zolumikizirana, makamaka mumanetiweki amderali (LANs). Zingwezi zimakhala ndi mawaya awiri a mkuwa otchingidwa omwe amalutidwa pamodzi, zomwe zimathandiza kuchepetsa kusokonezeka kwa electromagnetic (EMI) ndi crosstalk pakati pa mawaya.

• Zopotoka Zosatetezedwa (UTP): Zingwe za UTP ndi mtundu wodziwika kwambiri wa zingwe zopotoka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamaneti. Ndizotsika mtengo komanso zosavuta kuziyika, kuwapanga kukhala chisankho chodziwika bwino chanyumba ndi maofesi ang'onoang'ono. Zingwe za UTP zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana ndi Ethernet, mafoni a m'manja, ndipo ngakhale mapulogalamu ena otumizira mavidiyo.
• Peyala Yopotoka Yotetezedwa (Chithunzi cha STP): Zingwe za STP zimakhala ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera zomwe zimateteza mawaya kuti asasokonezedwe ndi kunja. Izi zimawapangitsa kukhala oyenera malo okhala ndi milingo yayikulu ya EMI, monga zoikamo mafakitale. Komabe, Zingwe za STP ndizokwera mtengo komanso zovuta kuziyika kuposa zingwe za UTP.

2. Zingwe za Coaxial

Zingwe za Coaxial ndi mtundu wina wa chingwe chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamabwalo olumikizirana. Amakhala ndi kondakitala wapakati, nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi mkuwa, kuzungulira ndi insulating layer, chishango chachitsulo, ndi wosanjikiza wakunja insulating. Kukonzekera kumeneku kumathandiza kuteteza chizindikiro kuti chisasokonezedwe, kupanga zingwe za coaxial zabwino kwambiri zotumizira ma siginali apamwamba kwambiri.

• Mapulogalamu: Zingwe za coaxial zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo chingwe TV (ena), kugwirizana kwa intaneti (makamaka mu cable Broadband), ndi polumikiza tinyanga ndi zoulutsira mawayilesi ndi zolandila. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu maukonde ena a Ethernet, makamaka mu machitidwe akale.
• Ubwino wake: Zingwe za coaxial zimapereka bandwidth yabwinoko komanso mtundu wazizindikiro pamtunda wautali poyerekeza ndi zingwe zopotoka. Zimakhalanso zolimba komanso zosagwirizana ndi kuwonongeka kwa thupi.

3. Zingwe za Fiber Optic

Zingwe za fiber optic ndiwo muyeso wagolide mumayendedwe olumikizirana, kupereka liwiro losayerekezeka, bandwidth, ndi kudalirika. Zingwezi zimagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zowunikira kuti zitumize deta, zomwe zimalola kufalitsa mwachangu kwambiri komanso kutayika kwazizindikiro pang'ono pamtunda wautali.

• Single-Mode Fiber (SMF): Zingwe za SMF zimakhala ndi kachingwe kakang'ono ndipo zimatumiza kuwala munjira imodzi kapena njira imodzi. Izi zimachepetsa kutayika kwa chizindikiro ndikulola kufalikira kwa mtunda wautali popanda kufunikira kwa obwereza. Zingwe za SMF zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo olumikizirana ndi ma data komwe kuli liwiro kwambiri, kuyankhulana kwakutali ndikofunikira.
• Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF): Zingwe za MMF zili ndi pachimake chokulirapo ndipo zimatha kutumiza kuwala m'njira zingapo kapena njira zingapo. Pomwe amapereka ma bandwidth apamwamba pamtunda waufupi, iwo sali oyenera kufalitsa mtunda wautali chifukwa cha kutaya kwakukulu kwa chizindikiro. Zingwe za MMF zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pama network amderali (LANs) ndi ntchito zina zazifupi.
• Ubwino wake: Zingwe za fiber optic zimapereka maubwino ambiri kuposa zingwe zamkuwa zachikhalidwe, kuphatikiza kuthamanga kwapang'onopang'ono kwa data, bandwidth yayikulu, ndi kusatetezeka ku kusokonezedwa kwa ma electromagnetic. Amakhalanso otetezeka kwambiri, chifukwa ndizovuta kuzipeza popanda kuzindikirika.

4. Ethernet Cables

Zingwe za Efaneti ndi mtundu wina wa chingwe chopotoka chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana ndi ma LAN. Amabwera m'magulu osiyanasiyana, iliyonse yopereka magawo osiyanasiyana a magwiridwe antchito malinga ndi liwiro la kufalitsa kwa data ndi mtunda.

• Gulu 5e (Mphaka5e): Zingwe za Cat5e ndi mtundu wowongoleredwa wa zingwe zoyambirira za Cat5, kupereka magwiridwe antchito abwino ndi liwiro la mpaka 1 Gbps (gigabit pamphindi). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'nyumba ndi maofesi ang'onoang'ono.
• Gulu 6 (Mphaka6): Zingwe za Cat6 zimapereka magwiridwe antchito apamwamba kuposa Cat5e, ndi liwiro la mpaka 10 Gbps pa mtunda waufupi (mpaka 55 mita). Iwo ndi oyenera ntchito wovuta kwambiri, monga malo opangira data ndi ma network abizinesi.
• Gulu 6a (Mphaka6a): Zingwe za Cat6a ndi mtundu wapamwamba wa Cat6, kuthandiza 10 Gbps imathamanga mtunda wautali (mpaka 100 mita). Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pama network apamwamba kwambiri pomwe kuthamanga ndi kudalirika ndikofunikira.
• Gulu 7 (Mphaka7): Zingwe za Cat7 zimapereka magwiridwe antchito apamwamba kwambiri, ndi liwiro la mpaka 10 Gbps pa mtunda wautali ndikuteteza bwino kuti muchepetse kusokoneza. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale ndi ma data center.

5. Zingwe za USB

USB (Universal seri basi) zingwe Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana mtunda wautali pakati pa makompyuta ndi zida zotumphukira, monga osindikiza, ma hard drive akunja, ndi zida zina zolumikizidwa ndi USB. Zingwe za USB zimabwera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, aliyense kupereka zosiyanasiyana kutengerapo mitengo deta:

• USB 2.0: Imathandiza kusamutsa deta mitengo mpaka 480 Mbps (megabits pamphindikati). Amagwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri popanga zotumphukira zambiri.
• USB 3.0 ndi 3.1: Perekani mwachangu kwambiri kutengerapo kwa data, mpaka 5 gbps ndi 10 Gbps motero. Zingwezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polumikiza zida zothamanga kwambiri, monga ma SSD akunja (ma drive olimba).
• USB-C: Muyezo watsopano womwe umathandizira kukwera kwa data (mpaka 40 Gbps ndi USB 4.0) komanso akhoza kunyamula mphamvu, kupanga kukhala yabwino kwa zipangizo zamakono, kuphatikizapo mafoni, laputopu, ndi mapiritsi.

6. Zingwe za HDMI

HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) zingwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza mawu omveka bwino a kanema ndi ma audio pakati pa zida monga ma TV, oyang'anira, masewera otonthoza, ndi makompyuta. Zingwe za HDMI ndizofunikira pamayendedwe olankhulirana pamakina osangalatsa apanyumba, kupereka zapamwamba, mavidiyo ndi ma audio osakanizidwa.

• Mabaibulo: Zingwe za HDMI zimabwera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, monga HDMI 1.4, HDMI 2.0, ndi HDMI 2.1, iliyonse yopereka magawo osiyanasiyana amachitidwe malinga ndi kusanja kwamakanema, mitengo yotsitsimutsa, ndi luso la audio.
• Ubwino wake: Zingwe za HDMI zimathandizira kanema wotanthauzira kwambiri (mpaka 8K resolution) ndi mawu amakanema ambiri, kuwapanga kukhala abwino kwa machitidwe a zisudzo zapanyumba komanso makina opangira ma audiovisual akatswiri.

Dera loyankhulirana ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pama network amakono olumikizirana, kupangitsa kutumizirana mwachangu kwa data, mawu, ndi makanema pamapulatifomu osiyanasiyana. Kumvetsetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yolumikizirana, pamodzi ndi zingwe zofunika pa mtundu uliwonse, ndizofunikira pakumanga maukonde odalirika komanso ogwira mtima. Kaya ndi zingwe zopotoka zama netiweki amderalo, zingwe za coaxial zolumikizirana ndi wailesi yakanema ndi intaneti, kapena zingwe za fiber optic zotumizira mwachangu kwambiri, mtundu uliwonse wa chingwe umakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pakuchita kwathunthu kwa gawo lolumikizana.

Pamene teknoloji ikupitirizabe kusintha, momwemonso mitundu ya mabwalo olumikizirana ndi zingwe zomwe zimafunikira kuti zithandizire ntchito zatsopano komanso zofuna zapamwamba za data. Kwa akatswiri pa intaneti, kudziwa zomwe zachitika posachedwa muukadaulo waukadaulo wolumikizirana ndi njira zama chingwe ndikofunikira pakukonza ndi kusunga maukonde otsogola omwe amakwaniritsa zosowa za dziko lamakono la digito..